Say Science Popularization - Graphite

Nen dekada 30, say Li Mao graphite mine ed Jixi, Heilongjiang Province, tan say Shanshui stone graphite mine ed Shandong Province so ginmapo lan manggawa tan manproseso na graphite. Diad saman a panaon, simpli so proseso na benepisyo, makapuy so kondisyon na pantratrabahoan na saray trabahador, tan abeba so produktibo, ya pigaran libon tonelada labat so naala ed sakey taon. Kayari na pigaran dekada na iyaaligwas, say produksyon na graphite tan carbon ed China et maples ya inmaligwas. Manlapud 2004 anggad 2011, say compound annual growth rate na graphite tan carbon product output et 22.12%. Nen 2011, say produksyon na graphite tan carbon ed China et 2556.17 milyon a tonelada, ya walay indaak na 21.98% ed sakey taon.

Saray produkton graphite tan carbon et walaan na ekselentin kablian tan lalon malaknab ya uusaren. Say kapasidad da ed produksyon tan saray benepisyo ra ed ekonomya et maples ya ondarakel. Nen 2011, maples so inyaligwas na industriya na graphite tan carbon products ed China. Saray negosyo ed loob na industriya et walaan na atagey ya abilidad ya mangasikaso tan mangontrol ed saray gastos tan walaan na mabiskeg a tubo. Base ed datos na National Bureau of Statistics, nen 2011, say industrial output value na industriya na graphite tan carbon products na China et akasabi ed 167.564 bilyon ya yuan; say naala ed panaglako et 167.765 bilyon a yuan, ya inmatagey na 40.58%; say kabuoan ya tubo et 10.959 bilyon ya yuan, ya inmatagey na 50.87%. Lapud tuloytuloy ya idarakel na saray aplikasyon, say kompetisyon ed industriya na graphite tan carbon products na China et nagmaliw met ya mas mabiskeg.

Walay baleg a bilang na saray negosyo ya mankikimey ed saray produkton graphite tan carbon diad loob na sukat na produksyon ed China, tan say lebel na konsentrasyon et medyo abeba. Diad sampot na 2011, walay 871 ya negosyo ya walad silong na sukat na produksyon ed industriya na graphite tan carbon products na China. Say dagup na kita na saray sankatageyan ya samploran negosyo et mankantidad labat na 13.46% na interon industriya. Diad panmoria na iyaaligwas tan say kompetisyon ed sankamundoan ya merkado na graphite tan carbon products, diad arapen, say industriya na graphite tan carbon products ed China et kalkalnan natipon ed angkakabaleg iran grupo, tan say konsentrasyon na sayan industriya et lalon ondarakel.

Lapud maples ya iyaaligwas na saray industriya a singa say metalurhiya, chemical engineering, makinarya, medikal iran kagawaan, enerhiyan nukleyar, luluganan, aerospace, tan arum ni diad China, say pankaukolan parad saray produkton graphite tan carbon ed sarayan industriya et mantultuloy ya ondarakel, tan say industriya na produkton graphite tan carbon na Tsina et mansiansian maples ya ombaleg. Manlapud 2006 anggad 2011, say tinaon ya compound growth rate na sales revenue ed industriya na graphite tan carbon products ed China et 36.56%.

Nanlapud salitan Griego ya "graphein", ya say kabaliksan to et "uusaren ed pansulat". Inngaran iya na German chemist tan mineralogist ya si AG Werner nen 1789.

Say carbon et sakey a kaslakan ya elemento ya walad nanduruman nengneng to diad atmospera tan diad tapew na dalin. Say carbon ed elemental ya nengneng to et abayag lan bibidbiren tan uusaren na totoo. Say nantutumbokan ya carbon compounds - organic substances - so basiyan na bilay. Say carbon et sakey ed saray kabiangan na pig iron, wrought iron tan steel. Say carbon et nayarin mankasakey ed sarili to pian makaporma na dakel a compound, ya importantin molekula ed biology tan komersyo. Maslak ed saray molekula ed mabilay iran organismo et walaan na carbon.

Porma na Kiwawala

Say carbon et walad nanduruman nengneng, kaiba lay kristal ya elemento na carbon a singa say diamante tan graphite; anggapoy itsura na carbon a singa say karbon; saray komplikadon organikon compound a singa saray ayayep tan tanaman; tan saray carbonate a singa say marmol. Say pisikal tan kemikal ya kablian na elemental carbon et mandedepende ed istruktura na kristal to. Say diamond, ya malet a tuloy, tan say graphite, ya anlemew tan madulas, et walaan na nanduruman istruktura na kristal kanian mandumaan so itsura, karakel, punto na panagtunaw, tan arum nira.

Saray Katangian na Kayamanan

Diad temperatura na kuarto, saray kemikal ya kablian na elemental carbon et medyo malet tan ag-itan natunaw ed danum, saray asido, saray base, odino saray organikon solvent. No atagey so temperatura, onreak itan ed oxygen pian napoolan, kanian mamawala na carbon dioxide odino carbon monoxide. Say hydrogen labat so direktan makareak ed elemental carbon ed halogens. Diad kondisyon na panagpainit, say elemental carbon et mainomay ya na-oxidize na saray asido; diad atagey a temperatura, say carbon et nayarin onkiwas met ed dakel a metal pian manporma na metal carbides. Say carbon et nayarin nabawasan tan nayarin usaren pian natunaw iray metal ed atagey a temperatura. Niarum ni, say graphite et nayarin natunaw na chlorosulfonic acid, ya manporma na chlorosulfonic acid "solution" na single-layer graphene.
Say graphite et sakey a kristal a mineral ya walaan na carbonaceous iran elemento. Say kristal ya balangkas to et sakey a hexagonal ya layered ya istruktura. Say distansya na kada layer et 340 pm, tan say distansya na saray carbon atom ed parehon layer et 142 pm. . Kabiangan itan na hexagonal crystal system tan walaan na kompleton layered cleavage. Saray cleavage planes et manunan tugyopen na saray molecular bonds tan walaan na medyo makapuy ya molecular attraction, kanian say natural ya floatability to et maong a tuloy.

Lapud nikadkaduman istruktura to, say graphite et walaan na sarayan espisyal a kablian:

1) Heat resistance: Say melting point na graphite et 3850 ± 50 degree, tan say boiling point to et 4250 degree. Anggano apoolan na ultra-high temperature electric arcs, say belat to et melag labat, tan say thermal expansion coefficient to et abeba met. Say biskeg na graphite et ondarakel no ondarakel so petang. Diad 2000 degree, say biskeg na graphite et doble.

2) Electrical tan thermal conductivity: Say electrical conductivity na graphite et masulok ya 100 beses ya mas atagey nen say kaslakan ya aliwan metal ya mineral. Say thermal conductivity to et mas atagey nen say metal a singa say asero, bakal, tan lead. Say thermal conductivity et onbabawas no ontatagey so temperatura, tan anggano atagey so temperatura, say graphite et magmaliw ya insulator. Say graphite et makapangikondukta na kuryente lapud kada carbon atom ed graphite et manporma labat na 3 covalent bonds ed arum ya carbon atoms, tan kada carbon atom et walaan ni na sakey ya libren electron pian makapangiter na electric charge.

3) Lubricity: Say lubricating property na graphite et mandedepende ed kabaleg na saray graphite flakes. No mas baleg so flakes, mas abeba so friction coefficient tan mas maong so lubrication performance.

4) Chemical stability: Say graphite et walaan na ekselentin chemical stability ed temperatura na kuarto tan ag to naderal so asido, alkali, tan organikon solvent.

5) Plasticity: Say graphite et walaan na maong ya inka-tough tan nayarin gilingen ya manipis a tuloy.
6) Thermal shock resistance: No usaren ed temperatura na kuarto, say graphite et makaanos ed graben pananguman na temperatura ya ag naderal. Legan ya manguuman so temperatura, say panguuman na karakel na graphite et daiset tan anggapoy naporman bitak.

Punto na pantunaw na graphite
Say melting point na diamond et 3823K, bangbalet say graphite et 3925K. Say melting point na graphite et mas atagey nen say diamond.
Say pangikompara ed melting points na graphite tan diamond et aglabat nayarin ikonsidera manlapud aspekto na enerhiya na bond. No say bilang na saray abuyak a bond legan na panagtunaw et ibaliwala, say naala ya datos et ag napanmatalkan.

Allotropic forms
Say graphite, diamond, carbon 60, carbon nanotubes, graphene, tan arum ni et amin ya elemento na carbon element. Amin da et isomer na parehon elemento.

Nanlapuan tan Inkibunog
Say inkaporma tan inkagawa: Say graphite et naporma ed silong na atagey a temperatura. Say sankalaknaban ya klase et say metamorphic deposit na graphite, ya naporma ed regional metamorphism na saray sedimentary rocks ya mayaman ed organic matter odino carbonaceous materials.
Saray bantog ya lugar na produksyon: Ticonderoga, New York, Madagascar tan Ceylon.

Say teknolohikon kablian na graphite et mandedependi ed singa kristal ya itsura to. Saray mineral ya graphite ya walaan na nanduruman itsura na kristal et walaan na nanduruman balor tan aplikasyon ed industriya. Diad industriya, base ed nanduruman klase na kristal, say graphite et naapag ed taloran kategorya.

Delanium graphite

Diad malaknab a panangibaga, amin a materyales a graphite ya naala panamegley na organikon carbonization ya tinumbokan na atagey a temperatura parad graphitization et nayarin tawagen ya artipisyal a graphite, a singa saray carbon fibers, pyrolytic carbon, tan foamed graphite, tan arum ni. Bangta diad mas mainget a pantalos, say artipisyal a graphite et kaslakan a manutukoy ed solidon materyales ya nagawa panamegley na blocky abeban -impurity ya carbonaceous raw materials bilang base material, coal asphalt bilang binder, tan diad panamegley na saray proseso a singa say panag-batch, panag-mix, panag-mold, carbonization, tan graphitization. Saray alimbawa et saray graphite electrodes tan isostatic pressing graphite.

Say artipisyal a graphite et nayarin iklasipika ed apatiran klase na paraan na panagmoldi: panagmoldi ya walay yegyeg, panagmoldi ya extrusion, panagmoldi na compression, tan panagmoldi ya isostatic pressing.

Crystalline Flake Graphite

Saray graphite crystals et singa saray flakes; naporma iratan panamegley na metamorphism diad silong na atagey a presyon, tan wala ray angkakabaleg tan melag iran flake. Say katangian na sayan klase na graphite ore et aliwan atagey so grado to, kaslakan et manlapud 2% anggad 3%, odino manlapud 10% anggad 25%. Sakey iya ed saray sankaabigan ya floatable ores ed kalikasan, tan diad panamegley na dakel a panaggiling tan panagpili, makala na atagey a grado na graphite concentrate. Say inka-floatability, lubricity, tan plasticity na sayan klase na graphite et mas maong nen say arum ya klase na graphite; kanian, say balor to ed industriya so sankabalgan.
Gphanitic Graphite

Say cryptocrystalline graphite et kabkabat met bilang microcrystalline graphite odino earthy graphite. Say diametro na kristal na sayan klase na graphite et kaslakan ya kulang ed 1 mikrometro, tan say espisipikon kalawakan na tapew to et manlapud 1 anggad 5 m2/g. Saya so koleksion na microcrystalline graphite tan nanengneng labat ed nengneng na kristal diad panamegley na electron microscope. Say katangian na sayan klase na graphite et say tapew to et singa dalin, anggapoy kinmilat to, tan mas makapuy so lubricity to nen say flake graphite. Say grado et medyo atagey. Kaslakan et 60-85%. Pigara so makaabot ed masulok ya 90%. Maslak ya uusaren iya ed industriya na foundry.

Say graphite et malaknab ya uusaren ed industriya tan uusaren ed ngalngalin amin ya sektor. Say sankabaloan ya klase na graphite ya uusaren ed industriya et say artificial graphite, ya tatawagen met ya special graphite. Depende ed paraan na inkaporma to, nayarin ibiig itan ed onggendan iran klase.

1. Isostatic pressure graphite. Saya so tatawagen na dakel a totoo ya "three-high graphite", balet aliwan isostatic pressure lapud "three-high".
2. Molded graphite
3. Extruded graphite, ya maslak ya uusaren bilang materyales na electrode.
Diad saratan, unong ed kabaleg na partikulo na graphite, nayarin naapag met ed: detalyadon istruktura na graphite, medium-coarse graphite (ya walay kabaleg na partikulo to ya manga 0.8mm), tan electrode graphite (2-4mm).

Diad graphite crystals, saray carbon atoms ed parehon layer et manporma na covalent bonds panamegley na sp2 hybridization. Kada carbon atom et konektado ed taloran atom panamegley na taloran covalent bonds. Say anemiran carbon atom et manporma na regular ya hexagonal ya singsing ed parehon plano, ya onnatnat ed sakey a layered ya istruktura. Say bond length na C-C bonds et amin et 142 pm, ya eksakton onloob ed bond length range na atomic crystals. Kanian, parad parehon layer, sakey itan ya atomic crystal. Diad parehon plano, kada carbon atom et walaan ni na sakey a p orbital ya natilak, tan manpapaspas iratan ed balang sakey. Saray electron et medyo libre, mipara ed saray libren electron ed metal, kanian say graphite et makapangikondukta na petang tan elektrisidad, ya sakey a katangian na saray metal ya kristal. Kanian, kabiangan met itan ed kategorya na saray metal ya kristal.

Saray layer ed graphite crystal et manbibiigan na 340 pm, ya medyo arawi. Sikara so mankakasakey lapud saray puersa na van der Waals, a mankabaliksan a sikaray kabiangan na sakey a molecular crystal. Balet, lapud mabiskeg so pankakasakey na saray atomo na carbon ed parehon plane layer, mairap iran nabuyak, kanian say melting point na graphite et atagey met tan malet so chemical properties to.
Lapud nikadkaduman paraan na pankakasakey to, agto nayarin iklasipika bilang atomic crystal odino molecular crystal. Diad modernon termino, ipapasen itan ya nanlaok a kristal.

Saray katangian na kristal

Sistema na kristal tan grupo na liwang: Sistema na kristal ya hexagonal, P63/mc
Saray parametro na selula: a0=0.246 nm, c0=0.670 nm
Diad kaslakan ya layered structure, saray carbon atoms et akauksoy ed saray layer, kada carbon et akakonekta ed asingger ya carbon ed pareparehon distansya, saray carbon ed kada layer et akauksoy ed hexagonal ring pattern, saray hexagonal ring na carbon ed asingger iran layers et niyalis ed parallel plane ya direksion antis ya iiyan pian naporma so layer ya istruktura. Saray nanduruman klase na polymorphs et nanlapud nanduruman orientation tan distansya na saray displacement. Say distansya na saray atomo na carbon ed tagey tan leksab a layer et mas baleg nen say distansya na saray carbon ed loob na parehon layer (say C-C a distansya ed loob na layer=0.142 nm, say C-C a distansya ed baetan na saray layer=0.340 nm)
Kurti: Saray single crystal et kaslakan ya singa sheet-o singa plate-, balet matalag ya nanengneng iray kompleto. Saray aggregate et kaslakan ya singa scale-, singa bloke- tan singa dalin-.
Kolor: Iron black

Gulis: Maliwawa ya andeket
Transparency: Non-transparent
Luster: Semi-metallic luster
Inkaawet: 1-2
Diaphaneity tan fracture: Say parallel cleavage et kompleton tuloy
Espisipikon grabidad: 2.21 - 2.26 g/cm3
Espisipikon sukat na tapew: 5 - 10 m2/g
Arum nin kablian: Say manipis a papel et nababanat, madulas so liknaan to, mainomay ya mantsa na lima, tan maong so konduktibidad na kuryente
Saray pakabidbiran: Say kolor ya andeket ya bakal, abeban inka-malet, sakey a grupo na kompleton tuloy iran cleavage, madulas so liknaan tan mantsa ed lima; no saray partikulo na zinc ya inbasaan na copper sulfate solution et iiyan ed graphite, saray copper spots et nayarin onlesa, balet anggapoy ontan ya reaksion ya nagawa ed graphite-like molybdenite.

No isipen na totoo so diamante, tampol dan ipapasen iratan ed saray makapadinayew tan makapadinayew ya eksena, ya onsisinag a maong legan iran onkukurang. Balet, lapud atagey so presyo ra, maslak a totoo so agmakagamor ed saratan. Saray natural ya diamante et tatawagen labat ya "diamante" no nalinisan la ra manlapud diamante. Saray natural ya diamante et matalag a tuloy. Diad mundo, wala labat so duaran diamante ya manbelat na masulok ya 1000 carats (1 gram=5 carats), tan pigara labat so diamante ya manbelat na masulok ya 400 carats. Say sankabalgan ya diamante ya adiskobre ed China et manbelat na 158.786 carats tan tatawagen ya "Changlin Diamond". Singa ibabaga na kasabian, "say inka-matalag so manggagawa na sakey a bengatla ya mabmabli". Lapud saray natural a diamante ya nayarin usaren bilang "diamante" et matalag, labay na totoo ya salatan iratan na "artipisyal" iran diamante. Saya so natural ya mangitonton ed ideya na "kambal" na diamond - graphite.

Say kemikal a komposisyon na diamante tan graphite et carbon (C), tan tatawagen iratan ya "allotropic forms" na parehon elemento. Manlapud sayan termino, natalosan ya pareho so "katooran" da, balet say "porma" o "kabiangan" da et mandumaan tan mandumaan. Say diamond so sanka-malet a substansia natan, bangta say graphite et sakey ed saray sanka-anlemek a substansia.

Say pandumaan na inka-awet na graphite tan diamond et baleg, balet ta maniilalo ni ray totoo ya makala na diamante panamegley na artificial synthesis methods lapud dakel so graphite (carbon) ed kalikasan. Balet, say panguman ed carbon ed graphite ya magmaliw ya carbon arrangement pattern na diamond et aliwan mainomay a kimey. Diad silong na 5-60,000 ya atmospera na presyon ((5-6) × 103 MPa) tan temperatura ya manlapud 1000 anggad 2000 degrees Celsius, diad pangusar na metal catalysts a singa say bakal, cobalt, tan nickel, say graphite et nayarin magmaliw ya diamond powder.

Masulok ya sakey dosena ya bansa ed interon mundo so matalonan akagawa na diamante. Balet, sayan klase na diamante et walaan na pino iran partikulo tan say manunan uusaren to et bilang panaggiling, ya uusaren ed panagputot tan panag-drill na geological tan petroleum wells. Diad kaplesan, diad konsumo na diamante ed mundo, 80% na saray artipisyal a diamante so manunan uusaren ed industriya, tan say produksyon to et mas dakel nen say produksyon na natural iran diamante.

Saray inmunan ginawan partikulo na diamante et andeket, 0.5mm so kabaleg to, tan manbelat na ngalngalin 0.1 carat (say sankaabebaan a kabaleg parad gem-quality diamonds et kaslakan ya ag-onkulang ed 0.1 carat). Saray bansa a singa say United States tan Japan et akagawa la na saray partikulo na diamante ya manbelat na anggad 6.1 carats. Nayarin ibaga tayon saray diamante et "tinmaway" manlapud graphite. Saray de-kalidad ya sintetikon diamante et wala met ed tindaan diad magano.

Panlinis na graphite: Walay duaran paraan: say kemikal a panaglinis tan say pisikal a panaglinis.

1.Say chemical purification et manguusar na bentaha ed saray kablian na graphite ya ag-onkupas ed saray asido, alkali tan corrosion. Kaiba ed saya so pangiter na asido tan alkali ed graphite concentrate pian natunaw iray dutak, ya insan naurasan pian napalaknab so grado na concentrate. Say kemikal a panaglinis et makapangiter na atagey a -carbon graphite ya walay grado ton 99%. Walay nanduruman paraan na panaglinis na kemikal, a say sankalaknaban ya uusaren et say high-temperature fusion method ya walay sodium hydroxide.

Say manunan prinsipyo et diad silong na atagey a temperatura ya onsulok ed 500 degree, saray impurities ed graphite (manunan silicate minerals) et onreak ed caustic soda, salanti, NaOH, pian nawalaan na danum-soluble reaction products. Diad pangi-leach ed saray produkto na reaksion panamegley na danum, wala ray impurities ya nayarin naekal. Parad arum ya impurities, singa saray iron oxides, kayari na alkali fusion, saratan so na-neutralize panamegley na HCl pian magmaliw ya water-soluble ferric chloride, ya nayarin naekal panamegley na water washing.

Diad proseso ya asalambit ed tagey, say konsentrasyon na NaOH et ngalngalin 50%, tan inlaok itan ed graphite diad ratio ya 1:0.8. Labay ton ibaga, diad kada 1 tonelada na high-carbon graphite ya napapawala, manga 0.4 tonelada na NaOH so naupot. Say inyarum ya karakel na HCl et ngalngalin 30% na graphite. Say uusaren ya gasolina et karbon, manga 0.6 anggad 0.7 tonelada. Saray kagawaan ya uusaren ed alkali fusion method et manunan kaiba iray anchor-type agitators, melting furnaces, spiral paddle agitators, V-shaped washing tanks, tan arum nira. Say recovery rate et 85-90%, tan say investment et 15-200,000 yuan. Anggaman medyo maaligwas iyan proseso, wala met iray kakulangan to a singa say atagey a konsumo na danum, alablabas a pakawalaan na graphite, abeban produksyon, atagey a konsumo na alkali, tan say basuran likido ya onlelereg ya mandudutak ed kaliberliber.

2.Say pisikal a panaglinis, ya tatawagen met ya high-temperature purification, et manguusar na atagey-resisti na graphite ed temperatura. Iiyan toy graphite ed electric furnace, ibiig tod dagem, insan to painitan ed 2500℃pian onsingaw iray dutak (salanti, saray residue), kanian ondarakel so grado na pinino ya ore. Diad panamegley na atagey a temperaturan panaglinis, naala so atagey a graphite ya walay grado ton 99.9%
Uusaren Tradisyonal ya pangusar

1). Bilang saray materyales ya ag-onlelereg: Say graphite tan saray produkto to et walaan na saray kablian ya atagey ya resistensya ed petang tan atagey ya biskeg. Diad industriya na metalurhiya, saratan so manunan uusaren ed panaggawa na graphite crucibles. Diad panaggaway asero, say graphite et kaslakan ya uusaren bilang proteksion ed saray steel ingots tan bilang loob na saray hurnoan a metalurhiko.

2). Bilang sakey a materyal ya konduktibo: Uusaren iya ed industriya na kuryente parad panaggawa na saray electrode, brush, carbon rod, carbon tube, positibon poste na mercury rectifiers, graphite gaskets, parte na telepono, tan saray coating parad saray tubo na litrato ed telebisyon, tan arum nira.

3) Bilang wear-resistant lubricating material: Say graphite et kaslakan ya uusaren bilang lubricant ed industriya na makina. Say lubricating oil et mabetbet ya ag manepeg ya usaren ed silong na atagey-peles, atagey-temperatura tan atagey-pressure, bangbalet saray graphite wear-resistant ya kondisyon et nayarin mankimey ya anggapoy lubricating oil ed temperaturan manlapud 200 anggad 2000℃tan diad atagey a tuloy ya sliding. Dakel ya kagawaan parad pangibiahe na corrosive media so manguusar na graphite materials pian manggawa na piston cups, sealing rings tan bearing. No mankikimey ira, ag kaukolan ya idagdag so lubricating oil. Say graphite emulsion et maong met ya lubricant parad dakel a proseso na panagproseso na metal (panagdrowing na alambre, panagguyor na tubo).

4) Say graphite et walaan na ekselentin chemical stability. Say graphite ya akaeksperiensya na espisyal ya proseso et walaan na saray katangian a singa say ag-onkupas, maong ya thermal conductivity, tan abeban permeability. Saya so malaknab ya uusaren ed panaggawa na saray heat exchanger, reaction tank, condenser, combustion tower, absorption tower, cooler, heater, filter, tan pump equipment. Saya so malaknab ya uusaren ed nanduruman sektor na industriya kaiba lay petrochemicals, hydrometallurgy, produksyon na asido tan alkali, sintetikon lanot, panaggaway papel, tan arum ni, kanian makatipid na baleg a kantidad na materyales a metal. Saray klase na non-porous graphite et mandumaan ed resistensya ra ed corrosion lapud nanduruman resin ya walad sikara. Singa bilang, saramay inpregnate na phenolic resin et ag-onkulang ed asido balet aliwan alkali; saramay inpregnate na furfuryl alcohol resin et ag-onkulang ed asido tan alkali. Say resistensya na nanduruman klase na ayep et manduruma met: say carbon tan graphite et makaanos ed temperaturan 2000 anggad 3000 degrees Celsius diad reducing atmosphere, tan onggapon man-oxidize ed 350 degrees Celsius tan 400 degrees Celsius diad oxidizing atmosphere; say resistensya ed petang na saray non-porous ya klase na graphite et mandedepende met ed impregnating agent, tan kaslakan, saramay impregnated na phenolic o furfuryl alcohol et walaan na heat resistance ya abeba nen 180 degrees Celsius.

5) . Bilang panag-casting, sand casting, panag-mold tan high-temperature metalurgical materials: Lapud abeban thermal expansion coefficient na graphite tan say pakayari ton mansungdo ed maples ya panag-cool tan panag-heat, nayarin usaren itan bilang mold parad saray glassware. Kayari na pangusar na graphite, saray andeket a metal et makapawala na saray kabiangan ya walaan na eksakton sukat, makinis iran tapew, atagey so ani, tan nayarin usaren a direkta odino walay daiset a panagproseso, kanian makatipid na baleg a kantidad na metal. Diad panaggawa na proseso na powder metallurgy a singa say hard alloys, saray materyales ya graphite et kaslakan ya uusaren ed panggawa na mold tan porcelain boats parad sintering. Saray monocrystalline silicon crystal growth crucibles, zone refining containers, support fixtures, induction heaters, tan arum ni et gawad atagey a puro na graphite. Niarum ni, say graphite et nayarin usaren met bilang graphite insulation plates tan bases parad vacuum smelting, high-temperature resistance furnace tubes, rods, plates, grids tan arum niran kabiangan ed atagey a temperatura.

6) Parad industriya na enerhiya na atomo tan say industriya na depensa: Say graphite et walaan na ekselentin neutron moderator properties tan uusaren bilang neutron moderator ed saray atomic reactor. Say uranium-graphite reactor et sakey ed saray maslak ya uusaren ya klase na atomic reactor. Say moderator material parad power atomic reactors et nepeg ya atagey so melting point, stability, tan corrosion resistance. Say graphite et sigpot ya makasumpal ed sarayan kakaukolanen. Say kalinisan na graphite ya uusaren ed saray atomic reactor et atagey a tuloy, ya say karutakan to et ag onlampas ed pigaran dosena na PPM. Diad partikular, say boron content et nepeg ya abeba nen 0.5 PPM. Diad industriya na depensa, say graphite et uusaren met ed panaggawa na saray nozzle na solid-fuel rockets, saray eleng na missile, saray parte na kagawaan ed panaglayag ed liwang, saray materyales ya manproprotekta ed petang, tan saray materyales ya proteksion ed radiation.

7) Say graphite et makaamper met ed panag-scaling na boiler. Impanengneng na saray test ya ginawa na saray makanepegan ya yunit ya say pangiyarum na pigaran graphite powder (manga 4-5 gramo kada tonelada na danum) ed danum et makaamper ed pan-scale ed tapew na boiler. Sakey ni, nayarin iyaplika so graphite ed saray metal ya tsimenea, atep, taytay, tan tubo pian ag-onkupas tan ag-onlawang.
8) Say graphite et nayarin usaren bilang pencil lead, pigment, tan polishing agent. Kayari na espisyal ya panagproseso, say graphite et nayarin usaren pian manggawa na nanduruman espisyal iran materyales parad nanduruman sektor na industriya.

Nen dekada 60, say gansa so malaknab ya inusar bilang materyales na electrode, ya say aplikasyon to et ngalngalin 90%, bangta say graphite et manga 10% labat. Nen koma-21 a siglo, mas dakel so manguusar ya manpili na graphite bilang materyales na electrode. Diad Europe, masulok ya 90% na saray materyales na electrode et graphite. Sayan datin manunan materyal ya electrode, say gansa, et ngalngali la naandi so amin ya bentaha to no ikompara ed saray graphite electrode. Antoy sengegan na sayan baleg ya pananguman? Siempre, satan so dakel a bentaha na saray graphite electrode.

1. Mas maples ya panagproseso: Diad inkalapagan, say mekanikal ya panagproseso na graphite et 2 anggad 5 beses ya mas maples nen say copper; bangta say kapeles na panagproseso na electrical discharge machining et 2 anggad 3 beses ya mas maples nen say gansa. Say materyal et agtanton naderal: Say bentaha et napatnagan ed panagproseso na manipis ya electrode; say punto na panlemew na gansa et manga 1000 degrees, tan mainomay ya naderal lapud petang; say temperatura na sublimasyon na graphite et 3650 degrees; tan say thermal expansion coefficient et 1/30 labat na copper.

2. Mas anlemew: Say densidad na graphite et 1/5 labat na copper. No saray angkakabaleg ya electrode et ondalan ed discharge processing, epektibon nabawasan so pabelat ed machine tool (EDM); mas matukoy itan parad aplikasyon ed angkakabaleg iran hulma.

3. Mas abeba so konsumo na kuryente; Lapud say spark oil et walaan met na carbon atoms, legan na proseso na discharge machining, say atagey a temperatura so pansengegan na pakabulok na saray carbon atoms ed spark oil, insan ira manporma na proteksion a pelikula ed tapew na graphite electrode, ya ontumbok ed inkaandi na graphite electrode.

4. Anggapoy burrs; Kayari na pangiproseso ed saray copper electrode, kaukolan nin siansia ya manual ya putoten pian naekal iray burrs. Balet, saray graphite electrode et anggapoy burrs da, kanian makatipid na baleg a gastos tan mamainomay ed pakagamor na automated production.

5. Say graphite et mas mainomay ya gilingen tan pakintab; lapud say resistensya na graphite ed panagputot et 1/5 labat na gansa, mas matukoy itan parad manual a panaggiling tan panagpakintab.

6. Mas abeba so presyo na materyales tan mas malet so presyo. Lapud inmatagey so presyo na gansa ed apalabas iran taon, say presyo na isotropic graphite et abeba la natan nen say presyo na gansa. Diad parehon volume, say presyo na universal graphite products na Dongyang Carbonite et 30% anggad 60% ya abeba nen say copper, tan say presyo et mas malet ya walaan na daiset ya antikey a panaon ya pananguman na presyo.

Sayan agnaparaan ya bentaha so sengegan na kalkalnan insalat na graphite ed gansa bilang mas labay ya materyales parad saray EDM electrode.

Lapud tuloytuloy ya iyaaligwas na siensia tan teknolohiya, dakel so adiskobre na totoo ya balon aplikasyon na graphite.

Saray produkton graphite ya nababanat.

Say flexible graphite, ya tatawagen met ya expanded graphite, et sakey a balon klase na graphite ya ginawa nen agano niran taon. Nen 1971, say Estados Unidos so matalonan akagawa na saray materyales ya graphite sealing ya nababanat, ya akaresolbe ed problema na leakage na saray atomic energy valves. Kayari to, ginmapo met so Germany, Japan, tan France ya nansukimat tan nanggawa ed satan. Sayan produkto et aglabat walaan na saray katangian na natural a graphite noagta walaan met na espisyal ya inka-flexible tan inka-elastiko. Kanian, saya so sankaabigan a materyales ed panagselyo. Saya so malaknab ya uusaren ed saray industriya a singa say petrochemicals tan atomic energy. Say pankaukolan ed internasyonal a merkado parad saya et ondarakel ed kada taon.

Aplikasyon ed industriya na anlemew

Niarum ni, say graphite et uusaren met bilang polishing agent tan anti-rust agent ed light industry parad panaggawa na salming tan papel. Saya so nakaukolan a materyales parad panaggawa na lapis, tinta, andeket a pintura, tinta, tan artipisyal iran diamante tan diamante. Saya so maong ya makatipid na enerhiya tan makaderal ed kaliberliber tan inusar bilang baterya na luluganan. Diad iyaaligwas na modernon siensia tan teknolohiya tan industriya, saray lawak na pangiyaplika ed graphite et tuloytuloy ya onlalaknab tan nagmaliw itan ya importantin raw materials parad balon composite materials ed high-tech field, ya walay importantin papel to ed ekonomya na bansa.